Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an effective treatment for Fanconi's anemia (FA) but it requires a dose reduction of alkylating agents used for conditioning because of the increased sensitivity of FA cells to DNA cross-linking agents. Oesophageal damage has not previously been described as a complication after allogeneic BMT for this indication. We report five cases of severe oesophagitis with stenosis in patients transplanted for FA. It occurred either early, or more surprisingly, several years after BMT and could have easily been misdiagnosed. It could be explained by hypersensitivity of the FA mucosal cells to cytotoxic agents despite the reduced doses of cyclophosphamide and irradiation or to non diagnosed congenital abnormalities of the oesophagogastric junction. However, the evolution of the oesophageal disease was favorable in all, and none of the patients developed secondary cancer. Awareness of this complication will lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of oesophageal stenosis and related malnutrition.