Conventional chemotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) results in an overall long-term disease-free survival of less than 50%, but for selected subsets of younger patients the prognosis can be improved by allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The use of autologous stem cell transplantation is now investigated as an alternative to allotransplantation due to its lower risk of serious complications. However, autotransplantation is associated with a relatively high risk of post-transplant AML relapse that can be derived from contaminating leukemia cells in the autograft. Peripheral blood mobilized stem cell (PBSC) grafts usually contain a higher number of platelets. The degree of platelet contamination is determined by the peripheral blood platelet count at the time of harvesting, and the platelets become activated and release soluble mediators during the ex vivo handling of PBSC grafts. Many of these platelet-derived mediators can bind to specific receptors expressed by AML blasts, and the platelet contamination may then alter AML blast survival and thereby influence the risk of post-transplant leukemia relapse. Therefore, we conclude that the platelet contamination of autologous stem cell grafts is possibly of clinical importance, but the effect of this nonstandardized parameter is difficult to predict in individual patients because the number of graft-contaminating platelets, the degree of platelet activation, and the effects of platelet-derived mediators on AML blasts differ between patients.