Sixteen cases of ependymoma were studied for CDKN2A/p16 inactivation by immunohistochemistry using a p16 monoclonal antibody, by homozygous deletion (HD) assay and 5'CpG promoter methylation assay (methylation-specific PCR). Three out of 16 cases were p16 immuno-negative: two corresponded to grade II ependymomas and one to grade III. The latter ependymoma, characterized by a high Ki-67/MIB-1 LI, was the only one of the whole series to show CDKN2A HD. No promoter methylation was found in the two immuno-negative cases without CDKN2A HD. Alternative mechanisms, such as point mutations or alterations in p16 post-translational regulation, may be responsible for p16 inactivation. Since in our series just one out of eight anaplastic cases showed negative immunostaining and CDKN2A HD, p16/CDKN2A inactivation may not play an important role in the malignant transformation of ependymomas. Amplification of CCNDI and CDK4, p27/Kipl degradation and TP53 mutations were previously studied by other authors and were demonstrated not to correlate with anaplasia. Up to date, molecular genetic studies have not been useful in recognizing the anaplastic variant in ependymomas.