De novo erythroleukemia (EL) is a rare disease. Reported median survival are poor and vary from 4 to 14 months. The value of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for EL is unknown. This EBMT registry study reports on the largest series of patients with EL treated with HSCT in first complete remission-103 autologous and 104 HLA identical sibling allogeneic HSCT. Outcome and identification of prognostic factors for each type of transplantation were evaluated. For autologous HSCT, outcome at 5 years showed a leukemia-free survival (LFS) of 26% +/- 5%, a relapse incidence (RI) of 70% +/- 6%, and a transplant-related mortality (TRM) of 13% +/- 4%. By multivariate analysis, the only prognostic factor was age. For allogeneic HSCT, outcome at 5 years showed an LFS of 57% +/- 5%, an RI of 21% +/- 5%, and a TRM of 27% +/- 5%. By multivariate analysis, prognostic factors were graft-versus-host disease and age. This study represents the largest series of de novo EL treated with HSCT and shows that allogeneic HSCT is by far the most effective treatment.