Several studies have found a relationship between polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) and development of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The meaning of this observation remains unclear and its relevance must be checked in different population samples. To examine the association of VDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to T1DM in the Dalmatian population of South Croatia we studied 134 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 132 control subjects. VDR genotyping was performed using PCR and BsmI, ApaI and TaqI restriction enzymes. Data were analysed using the chi(2)-test. The genotype combination which conferred strongest susceptibility to T1DM was BBAAtt (P=0.002). Interestingly, the BAt haplotype was found to be a risk factor in a German population, the only European population tested thus far. Our results indicate that VDR polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of T1DM in the Dalmatian population of South Croatia and warrant further studies.