HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been established as the dominant treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). This dominance is based on an impressive body of clinical trial evidence showing significant benefits in primary prevention of cardiovascular events in individuals at risk for CHD and in secondary prevention of such events in patients with CHD and high or normal plasma cholesterol levels. There is, however, significant room for improvement in the treatment of CHD with respect both to drug efficacy and to the disparity between evidence-based medicine and actual clinical practice particularly in relation to treatment strategies for the elderly. Current statins fall short of requirements for 'ideal' lipid-lowering treatment in several respects; 'super' statins and other agents currently in development may satisfy more of these requirements. Moreover, available therapies are not applied optimally, because of physician nonacceptance and/or patient noncompliance; thus, the majority of patients with CHD or its risk factors still have cholesterol levels that exceed guideline targets. There is also evidence that older patients with CHD, or at high risk of CHD, are undertreated - possibly because of concerns regarding the increased likelihood of adverse events or drug interactions or doubts regarding the cost effectiveness of statin therapy in this population. This group is of particular clinical relevance, since it is showing a proportionate rapid expansion in most national populations. To address their potential healthcare needs, the ongoing Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) study is assessing the effects of pravastatin in elderly patients (5804 men and women aged 70-82 years) who either have pre-existing vascular disease or are at significant risk for developing it, with the central hypothesis that statin therapy (pravastatin 40 mg/day) will diminish the risk of subsequent major vascular events compared with placebo. After a 3.2-year treatment period, a primary assessment will be made of the influence of statin treatment on major cardiovascular events (a combination of CHD death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and fatal or nonfatal stroke). Optimal deployment of the currently available agents and of newer agents (no matter how well they satisfy requirements for ideal treatment) ultimately depends on the establishment of an evidence base and may require far-reaching educational programmes that change the way risk factor management is viewed by caregivers and patients alike.