Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and digoxin may be used in the management of heart failure. Digoxin increases myocardial contractility in vitro, and has a modest but durable beneficial effect in congestive heart failure due to impaired left ventricular systolic function. ACE inhibitors have clear beneficial effects in all grades of heart failure and, in addition, modify the natural history and reduce mortality. Comparative studies in mild to moderate heart failure reveal a tendency towards greater benefits and tolerability of ACE inhibitors over digoxin. ACE inhibition is indicated, in conjunction with diuretic therapy, for all grades of heart failure. Digoxin is best reserved for patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response, and for those whose heart failure is not controlled with an ACE inhibitor plus a diuretic. In patients with heart failure following myocardial infarction, digoxin is of modest benefit. Digoxin should be administered slowly and carefully to avoid acute vasoconstriction and toxicity. Provisional data suggest ACE inhibitors are also beneficial in these patients. However, the results of clinical trials presently in progress are required to clarify their role following myocardial infarction.