During the past 10 years, liver transplantation has developed into an established form of treatment. In 1991 alone, almost 450 liver transplants were performed in Germany with a mean 1-year survival of 70%. Consistent progress in the fields of organ preservation, surgical techniques, and prevention of disease recurrence has made a more than 90% 1-year survival rate achievable during the last 3 years in Berlin. Progress in organ preservation is based on the use of colloidal solutions, pharmacological improvement of microcirculation, and probably prevention of reperfusion injury by the use of calcium antagonists and free oxygen radical scavengers. Improvements in surgical techniques have led to a reduction in blood loss and vascular complications, and to a drastic reduction of biliary leaks and stenosis. The introduction of cyclosporin, FK-506, and monoclonal antibodies into immunosuppressive therapy has contributed to the improvement of results in a major way. Furthermore, progress in intensive care in the areas of fluid therapy and blood component substitution, respiratory care and prophylaxis of infection as well as postoperative nutrition has led to a reduction in early postoperative morbidity and mortality. Efficient prophylaxis of the recurrence of hepatitis-B-virus-related disease by using hepatitis B hyperimmunoglobulin after liver transplantation has prevented this lethal recurrence, which was previously frequent, in a large group of patients.