We report the first approach for growth and maintenance of primary astrocytes on a fully controlled environment. For this purpose, cells were immobilized in Cytodex microcarriers and grown in a stirred tank bioreactor. The distribution of astrocytes at the microcarrier surface was visualized using confocal microscopy and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) labeling, a specific glial probe. Crucial bioreaction parameters such as agitation rate, microcarrier type, and concentration, as well as cell inoculum concentration were assessed. Cytodex 3 proved the best microcarrier for astrocyte growth, with the highest cell densities obtained for 6 g/l of Cytodex 3 using an inoculum of approx. 0.15 x 10(6) cells/ml in vessels operated at 60 rpm, using a refeed operational mode consisting of complete medium replacement every 5 days. Using such optimized conditions, cells were maintained in steady-state for approximately 24 days, allowing online monitoring and control of environmental variables such as temperature, pH, and O(2). To test further the advantages of this fully controlled system, astrocytes were also subjected to hypoxic stress for 5 hr; the cell number was not affected by hypoxia but the glycolytic flux was enhanced during the stress imposed. The culture system described is a novel tool to study brain cell metabolism, allowing sampling over time and the monitoring of cellular behavior through stressful conditions and during recovery.
(c) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.