In this article, Matthew Weait and Yusef Azad discuss the current law concerning the criminalization of HIV transmission in England and Wales, and raise some issues about the wider implications of criminalization for those working in the HIV/AIDS sector. The authors look at the way the fault requirement of "recklessness" has been interpreted in the cases. They explore the courts' approach to consent--the defence which those who have appealed against conviction have sought to use. Then the authors raise some questions about the relevance of disclosure and the way the courts have dealt with knowledge about HIV status and the risks associated with unprotected sex. Finally, they discuss the relevance of the nature of the relationship between the accused person and the person to whom HIV has allegedly been transmitted, and touch on the potentially stigmatizing effects that criminalization may have on socio-economically marginalized groups. The authors conclude by discussing some more general policy-related issues.