Number of pain sites is associated with demographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors in the general population

Eur J Pain. 2008 Aug;12(6):742-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.11.005. Epub 2007 Dec 21.

Abstract

Research on widespread pain often relies upon case definitions bounded by duration limits or "cut-offs." In clinical reality, however, there are no natural cut-off points between localized and widespread pain. Rather, pain is best represented by a continuum of "widespreadness" from localized pain to pain spread across the body. The objective of this paper was to describe the number of pain sites (NPS) reported in a population study and its association with demographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors. Using a cross-sectional design, the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was used to measure musculoskeletal pain among seven age groups in Ullensaker, Norway (n=2926). Results showed that women reported a higher mean NPS than men. A higher NPS was also found for individuals who were separated or divorced, undergoing rehabilitation, or who had a disability pension. Additionally, greater NPS was reported by smokers, individuals with less physical activity, and a higher BMI. A strong linear relationship was found between NPS and reduction in overall health, sleep quality, and psychological health. Results from a multivariate linear regression analysis showed that overall health, sleep quality, and gender demonstrated the strongest associations with increasing NPS, accounting for 31.4% of the variance. Our study indicates that the straightforward and simple method of counting the NPS could be important in managing the complex problem of musculoskeletal pain.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Age Distribution
  • Aged
  • Comorbidity
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Female
  • Health Status
  • Humans
  • Life Style*
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Motor Activity
  • Multivariate Analysis
  • Musculoskeletal Diseases / epidemiology*
  • Musculoskeletal Diseases / psychology*
  • Norway / epidemiology
  • Pain / epidemiology*
  • Pain / psychology*
  • Sex Distribution
  • Sleep
  • Smoking / epidemiology
  • Surveys and Questionnaires