A cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital anomaly in the craniofacial region. There are many other congenital craniofacial anomalies. These anomalies may be part of a syndrome with a wide variety of expression. Some of these syndromes are characterized by hypoplasia of the mandible or by hypoplasia of the maxilla and the orbits, often in combination with premature closure of the skull sutures. In addition, posttraumatic and tumour resection defects are also classified as craniofacial anomalies. The care for patients with craniofacial anomalies is highly complex and, therefore, organised in multidisciplinary craniofacial teams. Some craniofacial anomalies treated by distraction osteogenesis are mandibular hypoplasia due to hemifacial microsomia or temporomandibular joint ankylosis, and mid facial hypoplasia due to craniosynostosis.