ABSTRACT Lepidopteran cells (Spodoptera frugiperda) produced isometric virus-like particles (VLP) when infected with a recombinant baculovirus Ac61 that contained the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) coat protein gene modified with an N-terminal histidine tag (P3-6H). Cells infected with AcFL, a recombinant baculovirus that expressed cDNA copies of the PLRV genome RNA, did not produce virus-like particles (VLP). In cell lines doubly infected with Ac61 and AcFL, VLP were formed that contained PLRV-RNA packaged in P3-6H coat protein (FL). Both the P3-6H and the FL particles were morphologically indistinguishable from particles of PLRV despite the fact that they lacked the P5 readthrough protein present in wild-type PLRV. When aphids (Myzus persicae) were fed on, or injected with, purified PLRV, or VLP of either type (FL or P3-6H) and examined by electron microscopy, no differences were observed among treatments for particle endocytosis, transcellular transport, or exocytosis at the aphid midgut or accessory salivary glands. Particles were observed in the salivary canals and in the salivary duct leading out of the aphid. These results suggest that P5 readthrough protein of PLRV may not be essential for cellular transport of virus through aphid vectors.