Mechanical stress has been considered to be an important factor in bone remodeling and recent publications have shown that mechanical stress can regulate the direction of stem cell differentiation. The exact mechanobiological effects of pressure on initial osteodifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have not been determined. These mechanobiological mechanisms may be important both in biological responses during orthodontic tooth movement and in the development of new mechanobiological strategies for bone tissue engineering. We investigated the effects of static (23 kPa) or dynamic (10-36 kPa and at 0.25 Hz frequency) pressure on MSCs during the initial process of osteoblastic differentiation following treatment with dexamethasone, beta-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid (for 0, 3, and 7 days, respectively). The following parameters were analyzed in the ALPase activity, mRNA level of osteogenesis-related transcription factors (Runx2, Osterix, Msx2, and Dlx5), and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. The results showed that exposure to either dynamic or static pressure induced initial osteodifferentiation of MSCs. Particularly both types of pressure strongly stimulated the expression of osteogenesis-related factors of totally undifferentiated MSCs. ERK signaling participated in early osteodifferentiation and played a positive but non-critical role in mechanotransduction, whereas p38 MAPK was not involved in this process. Furthermore, the undifferentiated MSCs were highly sensitive to pressure exposure; whereas after osteoinduction MSCs reacted to pressure in a lower response state. The findings should lead to further studies to unveil the complex initial biological mechanisms of bone remodeling and regeneration upon mechanical stimuli.
2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.