The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with cognitive functioning in community-dwelling older adults with low schooling. 1,588 subjects residing in Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and aged > 60 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to assess associations between exploratory variables and the Mini-Mental State Examination score (MMSE): < 13 (below the 5th percentile), 14-21 (between the 5th percentile and the lowest quintile), and > 22. Lower MMSE scores were significantly and independently associated with age > 80 years (OR: 2.20; 95%CI: 1.52-3.48), male gender (OR: 2.20; 95%CI: 1.52-3.38), < 3 complete years of schooling (OR: 5.92; 95%CI: 3.92-8.94), lack of spouse (OR: 1.91; 95%CI: 1.39-2.62), vegetable and fruit consumption less than 5 times a week (OR: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.39-2.62), and depressive symptoms (OR: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.39-2.62). The results suggest that individuals with poor MMSE performance also have other markers of vulnerability.