N-myristoylated c-Abl tyrosine kinase localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum upon binding to an allosteric inhibitor

J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 16;284(42):29005-14. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.026633. Epub 2009 Aug 13.

Abstract

Allosteric kinase inhibitors hold promise for revealing unique features of kinases that may not be apparent using conventional ATP-competitive inhibitors. Here we explore the activity of a previously reported allosteric inhibitor of BCR-Abl kinase, GNF-2, against two cellular isoforms of Abl tyrosine kinase: one that carries a myristate in the N terminus and the other that is deficient in N-myristoylation. Our results show that GNF-2 inhibits the kinase activity of non-myristoylated c-Abl more potently than that of myristoylated c-Abl by binding to the myristate-binding pocket in the C-lobe of the kinase domain. Unexpectedly, indirect immunofluorescence reveals a translocation of myristoylated c-Abl to the endoplasmic reticulum in GNF-2-treated cells, whereas GNF-2 has no detectable effect on the localization of non-myristoylated c-Abl. These results indicate that GNF-2 competes with the NH(2)-terminal myristate for binding to the c-Abl kinase myristate-binding pocket and that the exposed myristoyl group accounts for the localization to the endoplasmic reticulum. We also demonstrate that GNF-2 can inhibit enzymatic and cellular kinase activity of Arg, a kinase highly homologous to c-Abl, which is also likely to be regulated through intramolecular binding of an NH(2)-terminal myristate lipid. These results suggest that non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, such as GNF-2, can serve as chemical tools that can discriminate between c-Abl isoform-specific behaviors.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • 3T3 Cells
  • Adenosine Triphosphate / chemistry
  • Allosteric Site
  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology
  • Binding Sites
  • Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum / enzymology*
  • Humans
  • Lipids / chemistry
  • Mice
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Protein Isoforms
  • Protein Structure, Tertiary
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl / metabolism
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl / physiology*

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Lipids
  • Protein Isoforms
  • Adenosine Triphosphate
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl