The role of luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone (hCG) in the regulation of normal reproductive functions in males and females is quite well established. Besides the use of hCG in the development of diagnostic immunoassays, it has been successfully used in the induction of final follicular maturation and ovulation in the assisted reproductive technologies. The basic and clinical research on the nongonadal actions of LH/hCG in the recent years has extended the potential of using these hormones in several clinical indications. Hereby we will analyze the advances in the LH/hCG research (briefly emphasizing the nongonadal research), which has the potential for multiple novel therapies in reproductive and the other areas of medicine.