Antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC) is associated with Klebsiella oxytoca. This study analyzed whether cytotoxic properties are linked to specific subtypes of K. oxytoca. Klebsiella isolates from stools of AAHC patients, healthy carriers, and diarrhea patients as well as from infections of other organs were investigated. Cytotoxic effects on human epithelial cells were limited to the species K. oxytoca and were not detectable for any other Klebsiella species. Isolates from AAHC patients and from stools showed the highest proportion of cytotoxic strains. Urinary or respiratory tract isolates exhibited no cytotoxicity. Macrorestriction profiling of strains revealed no genetic relationships of AAHC isolates or the cytotoxic phenotype but identified that different K. oxytoca strains with different cytotoxic behaviors may be prevalent in the same AAHC patient. Under laboratory conditions, cytotoxicity was maximally effective after exponential bacterial growth and then declined despite the continued viability of K. oxytoca cells in culture. Given its capacity to induce AAHC and that a high proportion of stool isolates tested cytotoxin positive, we argue that K. oxytoca should be considered an opportunistic pathogen if detected in stools. The ability to induce disease after antibiotic treatment most likely represents an overgrowth of the toxin-producing bacterium due to an alteration of the normal colonic microflora.