The timing of repair of a cleft lip continues to be debated. One of the reasons for delaying operation has been the belief that there is an increased risk of anaesthesia during the neonatal period. As a contribution to this debate we have analysed the anaesthetic and surgical complications of neonatal cleft lip repair undertaken at a single centre. We made a retrospective study of 99 babies consecutively referred for repair of cleft lip over a five-year period (January 1995-December 1999). In contrast to other series, all babies were considered for neonatal surgery and no exclusion criteria were set. All repairs were undertaken within 28 days of birth (median 4); the median gestational age was 40 weeks (range 34-42) and median birth weight of 3300 g (range 1500-4600 g). Perianaesthetic complications included one case of hypoxia presumably as a result of transitional circulation, one reintubation for poor respiratory effort in a premature baby, and five cases of nasal obstruction, three of which required a nasal stent. All recovered without long-term effects. There were significantly more surgical complications with bilateral repairs than with unilateral (p < 0.03). Breast feeding was achieved in 54 babies by the time of discharge. We found no evidence that neonatal repair of cleft lip is unsafe. Paediatric anaesthetic and intensive care support within a specialised centre are necessary, and close postoperative monitoring is required, with attention to the nasal airway.