Eukaryotes have three multisubunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases that are essential for viability, abbreviated as Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III. Remarkably, Arabidopsis thaliana and other higher plants contain two additional nuclear multisubunit RNA polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V. These plant-specific polymerases are not essential for viability but have nonredundant roles in RNA-mediated gene-silencing pathways. Proteomic analyses have revealed that Arabidopsis Pol IV and Pol V have a 12-subunit composition like Pol II. In fact, half of the subunits of Pols II, IV, and V are encoded by the same genes. The remaining Pol IV- or Pol V-specific subunit genes arose through duplication and subfunctionalization of ancestral Pol II subunit genes. These include the genes encoding the largest subunits unique to Pol IV or Pol V, the genes encoding the second- and the fourth-largest subunits that are used by both Pol IV and Pol V, the gene encoding the fifth-largest subunit unique to Pol V and the genes encoding the seventh-largest subunits that are unique to Pol IV and Pol V. On the basis of phylogenetic reconstructions, the gene duplication events giving rise to the first-, second-, fourth-, fifth-, and seventh-largest subunits of Pol IV and/or Pol V occurred independently. Interestingly, a cDNA-mediated duplication of the Pol II seventh-largest subunit gene via retro-tranposition was an early event in Pol IV evolution, preceded only by the duplications of the largest and second-largest subunit genes. Secondary duplication of this cDNA-like gene to generate Pol IV- and Pol V-specific seventh-largest subunits has occurred in Arabidopsis but not all dicotyledonous plants or monocots, indicative of the dynamic evolution of RNA Pol IV and Pol V in plants.