Alzheimer's disease treated patients showed different patterns for oxidative stress and inflammation markers

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia accounting for 60-80% of the reported cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of certain parameters of oxidative stress and markers of endothelial dysfunction in the blood of 21 AD patients under standard treatment compared with 10 controls, in an attempt to elucidate the contribution of AD to the total oxidative stress status of the patients. Results indicate that IL-6, TNF-α, ADMA and homocysteine levels were significantly elevated in AD patients. Protein carbonyls levels were higher in AD group, while glutathione reductase and total antioxidant capacity were lower, depicting decreased defense ability against reactive oxygen species. Besides, a higher level of advanced glycation end-products was observed in AD patients. Depending on the treatment received, a distinct inflammatory and oxidative stress profile was observed: in Rivastigmine-treated group, IL6 levels were 47% lower than the average value of the remaining AD patients; homocysteine and glutathione reductase were statistically unchanged in the Rivastigmine and Donepezil-Memantine, respectively Donepezil group. Although the study is based on a limited population, the results could constitute the basis for further studies regarding the effect of medication and diet on AD patients.

Keywords: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; AD; ADMA; AGEs; Alzheimer’s disease; Alzheimer’s diseases; BH(2); BH(4); Biomarkers; CRBNLs; CVD; DDAHs; DNPH; DPPH; Endothelial dysfunction; GSH; Inflammation; MDA; N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors; NMDARs; NOS; Oxidative stress; RNS; ROS; TAC; TBA; TBARS; advanced glycation end-products; asymmetric dymethylarginine; cardiovascular disease; dihydrobiopterin; dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases; eNOS; endothelial nitric oxide synthase; malondialdehyde; nitric oxide synthase; protein carbonyls; reactive nitrogen species; reactive oxygen species; reduced glutathione; tetrahydrobiopterin; thiobarbituric acid; thiobarbituric acid reactive species; total antioxidant capacity.