Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing skin disorder, which is characterized by abnormal skin barrier function within the entire skin surface. Several noninvasive bioengineering methods have been commonly used to quantify disease severity. High-frequency ultrasonography (HF-USG) is an important contribution to this field.
Aim: To evaluate noninvolved skin during the external treatment in relation to involved regions in patients with AD skin using noninvasive methods.
Material and methods: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance and erythema assessment and HF-USG were performed in 55 AD patients within 2 regions (involved and uninvolved skin) before and after therapy. The clinical severity of the disease process was based on the eczema area and severity index (EASI) score. A control group consisting of 15 subjects was also included.
Results: On the basis of 4 bioengineering methods our study revealed that uninvolved skin in AD presents subclinical disturbances and significantly changes during therapy. The HF-USG detects inflammation in the upper dermis in AD patients in the form of a hypoechoic band, which may also be observed to a lesser extent within normal-appearing skin.
Conclusions: Nonlesional skin differs significantly from lesional skin in AD and from skin of healthy subjects. Noninvasive methods are able to measure subclinical skin disturbances within normal-appearing skin, which are not evaluated using standard clinical scores. They are objective and may facilitate communication between different research groups.
Keywords: atopic dermatitis; capacitance; high frequency ultrasonography; seemingly healthy skin; skin ultrasonography; transepidermal water loss.