Observation of an energy-dependent difference in elliptic flow between particles and antiparticles in relativistic heavy ion collisions

L Adamczyk; J K Adkins; G Agakishiev; M M Aggarwal; Z Ahammed; I Alekseev; J Alford; C D Anson; A Aparin; D Arkhipkin; E Aschenauer; G S Averichev; J Balewski; A Banerjee; Z Barnovska; D R Beavis; R Bellwied; M J Betancourt; R R Betts; A Bhasin; A K Bhati; P Bhattarai; H Bichsel; J Bielcik; J Bielcikova; L C Bland; I G Bordyuzhin; W Borowski; J Bouchet; A V Brandin; S G Brovko; E Bruna; S Bültmann; I Bunzarov; T P Burton; J Butterworth; X Z Cai; H Caines; M Calderón de la Barca Sánchez; D Cebra; R Cendejas; M C Cervantes; P Chaloupka; Z Chang; S Chattopadhyay; H F Chen; J H Chen; J Y Chen; L Chen; J Cheng; M Cherney; A Chikanian; W Christie; P Chung; J Chwastowski; M J M Codrington; R Corliss; J G Cramer; H J Crawford; X Cui; S Das; A Davila Leyva; L C De Silva; R R Debbe; T G Dedovich; J Deng; R Derradi de Souza; S Dhamija; B di Ruzza; L Didenko; F Ding; A Dion; P Djawotho; X Dong; J L Drachenberg; J E Draper; C M Du; L E Dunkelberger; J C Dunlop; L G Efimov; M Elnimr; J Engelage; G Eppley; L Eun; O Evdokimov; R Fatemi; S Fazio; J Fedorisin; R G Fersch; P Filip; E Finch; Y Fisyak; E Flores; C A Gagliardi; D R Gangadharan; D Garand; F Geurts; A Gibson; S Gliske; O G Grebenyuk; D Grosnick; A Gupta; S Gupta; W Guryn; B Haag; O Hajkova; A Hamed; L-X Han; J W Harris; J P Hays-Wehle; S Heppelmann; A Hirsch; G W Hoffmann; D J Hofman; S Horvat; B Huang; H Z Huang; P Huck; T J Humanic; G Igo; W W Jacobs; C Jena; E G Judd; S Kabana; K Kang; J Kapitan; K Kauder; H W Ke; D Keane; A Kechechyan; A Kesich; D P Kikola; J Kiryluk; I Kisel; A Kisiel; S R Klein; D D Koetke; T Kollegger; J Konzer; I Koralt; W Korsch; L Kotchenda; P Kravtsov; K Krueger; I Kulakov; L Kumar; M A C Lamont; J M Landgraf; K D Landry; S LaPointe; J Lauret; A Lebedev; R Lednicky; J H Lee; W Leight; M J LeVine; C Li; W Li; X Li; X Li; Y Li; Z M Li; L M Lima; M A Lisa; F Liu; T Ljubicic; W J Llope; R S Longacre; Y Lu; X Luo; A Luszczak; G L Ma; Y G Ma; D M M D Madagodagettige Don; D P Mahapatra; R Majka; S Margetis; C Markert; H Masui; H S Matis; D McDonald; T S McShane; S Mioduszewski; M K Mitrovski; Y Mohammed; B Mohanty; M M Mondal; M G Munhoz; M K Mustafa; M Naglis; B K Nandi; Md Nasim; T K Nayak; J M Nelson; L V Nogach; J Novak; G Odyniec; A Ogawa; K Oh; A Ohlson; V Okorokov; E W Oldag; R A N Oliveira; D Olson; M Pachr; B S Page; S K Pal; Y X Pan; Y Pandit; Y Panebratsev; T Pawlak; B Pawlik; H Pei; C Perkins; W Peryt; P Pile; M Planinic; J Pluta; N Poljak; J Porter; A M Poskanzer; C B Powell; C Pruneau; N K Pruthi; M Przybycien; P R Pujahari; J Putschke; H Qiu; S Ramachandran; R Raniwala; S Raniwala; R L Ray; C K Riley; H G Ritter; J B Roberts; O V Rogachevskiy; J L Romero; J F Ross; L Ruan; J Rusnak; N R Sahoo; P K Sahu; I Sakrejda; S Salur; A Sandacz; J Sandweiss; E Sangaline; A Sarkar; J Schambach; R P Scharenberg; A M Schmah; B Schmidke; N Schmitz; T R Schuster; J Seger; P Seyboth; N Shah; E Shahaliev; M Shao; B Sharma; M Sharma; S S Shi; Q Y Shou; E P Sichtermann; R N Singaraju; M J Skoby; D Smirnov; N Smirnov; D Solanki; P Sorensen; U G deSouza; H M Spinka; B Srivastava; T D S Stanislaus; J R Stevens; R Stock; M Strikhanov; B Stringfellow; A A P Suaide; M C Suarez; M Sumbera; X M Sun; Y Sun; Z Sun; B Surrow; D N Svirida; T J M Symons; A Szanto de Toledo; J Takahashi; A H Tang; Z Tang; L H Tarini; T Tarnowsky; J H Thomas; J Tian; A R Timmins; D Tlusty; M Tokarev; S Trentalange; R E Tribble; P Tribedy; B A Trzeciak; O D Tsai; J Turnau; T Ullrich; D G Underwood; G Van Buren; G van Nieuwenhuizen; J A Vanfossen; R Varma; G M S Vasconcelos; F Videbæk; Y P Viyogi; S Vokal; S A Voloshin; A Vossen; M Wada; F Wang; G Wang; H Wang; J S Wang; Q Wang; X L Wang; Y Wang; G Webb; J C Webb; G D Westfall; C Whitten; H Wieman; S W Wissink; R Witt; Y F Wu; Z Xiao; W Xie; K Xin; H Xu; N Xu; Q H Xu; W Xu; Y Xu; Z Xu; L Xue; Y Yang; Y Yang; P Yepes; L Yi; K Yip; I-K Yoo; M Zawisza; H Zbroszczyk; J B Zhang; S Zhang; X P Zhang; Y Zhang; Z P Zhang; F Zhao; J Zhao; C Zhong; X Zhu; Y H Zhu; Y Zoulkarneeva; M Zyzak; STAR Collaboration

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.142301

Observation of an energy-dependent difference in elliptic flow between particles and antiparticles in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Phys Rev Lett. 2013 Apr 5;110(14):142301. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.142301. Epub 2013 Apr 2.

Authors

L Adamczyk¹, J K Adkins², G Agakishiev³, M M Aggarwal⁴, Z Ahammed⁵, I Alekseev⁶, J Alford⁷, C D Anson⁸, A Aparin³, D Arkhipkin⁹, E Aschenauer⁹, G S Averichev³, J Balewski¹⁰, A Banerjee⁵, Z Barnovska¹¹, D R Beavis⁹, R Bellwied¹², M J Betancourt¹⁰, R R Betts¹³, A Bhasin¹⁴, A K Bhati⁴, P Bhattarai¹⁵, H Bichsel¹⁶, J Bielcik¹⁷, J Bielcikova¹¹, L C Bland⁹, I G Bordyuzhin⁶, W Borowski¹⁸, J Bouchet⁷, A V Brandin¹⁹, S G Brovko²⁰, E Bruna²¹, S Bültmann²², I Bunzarov³, T P Burton⁹, J Butterworth²³, X Z Cai²⁴, H Caines²¹, M Calderón de la Barca Sánchez²⁰, D Cebra²⁰, R Cendejas²⁵, M C Cervantes²⁶, P Chaloupka¹⁷, Z Chang²⁶, S Chattopadhyay⁵, H F Chen²⁷, J H Chen²⁴, J Y Chen²⁸, L Chen²⁸, J Cheng²⁹, M Cherney³⁰, A Chikanian²¹, W Christie⁹, P Chung¹¹, J Chwastowski³¹, M J M Codrington¹⁵, R Corliss¹⁰, J G Cramer¹⁶, H J Crawford³², X Cui²⁷, S Das³³, A Davila Leyva¹⁵, L C De Silva¹², R R Debbe⁹, T G Dedovich³, J Deng³⁴, R Derradi de Souza³⁵, S Dhamija³⁶, B di Ruzza⁹, L Didenko⁹, F Ding²⁰, A Dion⁹, P Djawotho²⁶, X Dong³⁷, J L Drachenberg³⁸, J E Draper²⁰, C M Du³⁹, L E Dunkelberger⁴⁰, J C Dunlop⁹, L G Efimov³, M Elnimr⁴¹, J Engelage³², G Eppley²³, L Eun³⁷, O Evdokimov¹³, R Fatemi², S Fazio⁹, J Fedorisin³, R G Fersch², P Filip³, E Finch²¹, Y Fisyak⁹, E Flores²⁰, C A Gagliardi²⁶, D R Gangadharan⁸, D Garand⁴², F Geurts²³, A Gibson³⁸, S Gliske⁴³, O G Grebenyuk³⁷, D Grosnick³⁸, A Gupta¹⁴, S Gupta¹⁴, W Guryn⁹, B Haag²⁰, O Hajkova¹⁷, A Hamed²⁶, L-X Han²⁴, J W Harris²¹, J P Hays-Wehle¹⁰, S Heppelmann²⁵, A Hirsch⁴², G W Hoffmann¹⁵, D J Hofman¹³, S Horvat²¹, B Huang⁹, H Z Huang⁴⁰, P Huck²⁸, T J Humanic⁸, G Igo⁴⁰, W W Jacobs³⁶, C Jena⁴⁴, E G Judd³², S Kabana¹⁸, K Kang²⁹, J Kapitan¹¹, K Kauder¹³, H W Ke²⁸, D Keane⁷, A Kechechyan³, A Kesich²⁰, D P Kikola⁴², J Kiryluk³⁷, I Kisel³⁷, A Kisiel⁴⁵, S R Klein³⁷, D D Koetke³⁸, T Kollegger⁴⁶, J Konzer⁴², I Koralt²², W Korsch², L Kotchenda¹⁹, P Kravtsov¹⁹, K Krueger⁴³, I Kulakov³⁷, L Kumar⁷, M A C Lamont⁹, J M Landgraf⁹, K D Landry⁴⁰, S LaPointe⁴¹, J Lauret⁹, A Lebedev⁹, R Lednicky³, J H Lee⁹, W Leight¹⁰, M J LeVine⁹, C Li²⁷, W Li²⁴, X Li⁴², X Li⁴⁷, Y Li²⁹, Z M Li²⁸, L M Lima⁴⁸, M A Lisa⁸, F Liu²⁸, T Ljubicic⁹, W J Llope²³, R S Longacre⁹, Y Lu²⁷, X Luo²⁸, A Luszczak³¹, G L Ma²⁴, Y G Ma²⁴, D M M D Madagodagettige Don³⁰, D P Mahapatra³³, R Majka²¹, S Margetis⁷, C Markert¹⁵, H Masui³⁷, H S Matis³⁷, D McDonald²³, T S McShane³⁰, S Mioduszewski²⁶, M K Mitrovski⁹, Y Mohammed²⁶, B Mohanty⁴⁴, M M Mondal²⁶, M G Munhoz⁴⁸, M K Mustafa⁴², M Naglis³⁷, B K Nandi⁴⁹, Md Nasim⁵, T K Nayak⁵, J M Nelson⁵⁰, L V Nogach⁵¹, J Novak⁵², G Odyniec³⁷, A Ogawa⁹, K Oh⁵³, A Ohlson²¹, V Okorokov¹⁹, E W Oldag¹⁵, R A N Oliveira⁴⁸, D Olson³⁷, M Pachr¹⁷, B S Page³⁶, S K Pal⁵, Y X Pan⁴⁰, Y Pandit¹³, Y Panebratsev³, T Pawlak⁴⁵, B Pawlik⁵⁴, H Pei¹³, C Perkins³², W Peryt⁴⁵, P Pile⁹, M Planinic⁵⁵, J Pluta⁴⁵, N Poljak⁵⁵, J Porter³⁷, A M Poskanzer³⁷, C B Powell³⁷, C Pruneau⁴¹, N K Pruthi⁴, M Przybycien¹, P R Pujahari⁴⁹, J Putschke⁴¹, H Qiu³⁷, S Ramachandran², R Raniwala⁵⁶, S Raniwala⁵⁶, R L Ray¹⁵, C K Riley²¹, H G Ritter³⁷, J B Roberts²³, O V Rogachevskiy³, J L Romero²⁰, J F Ross³⁰, L Ruan⁹, J Rusnak¹¹, N R Sahoo⁵, P K Sahu³³, I Sakrejda³⁷, S Salur³⁷, A Sandacz⁴⁵, J Sandweiss²¹, E Sangaline²⁰, A Sarkar⁴⁹, J Schambach¹⁵, R P Scharenberg⁴², A M Schmah³⁷, B Schmidke⁹, N Schmitz⁵⁷, T R Schuster⁴⁶, J Seger³⁰, P Seyboth⁵⁷, N Shah⁴⁰, E Shahaliev³, M Shao²⁷, B Sharma⁴, M Sharma⁴¹, S S Shi²⁸, Q Y Shou²⁴, E P Sichtermann³⁷, R N Singaraju⁵, M J Skoby³⁶, D Smirnov⁹, N Smirnov²¹, D Solanki⁵⁶, P Sorensen⁹, U G deSouza⁴⁸, H M Spinka⁴³, B Srivastava⁴², T D S Stanislaus³⁸, J R Stevens¹⁰, R Stock⁴⁶, M Strikhanov¹⁹, B Stringfellow⁴², A A P Suaide⁴⁸, M C Suarez¹³, M Sumbera¹¹, X M Sun³⁷, Y Sun²⁷, Z Sun³⁹, B Surrow⁴⁷, D N Svirida⁶, T J M Symons³⁷, A Szanto de Toledo⁴⁸, J Takahashi³⁵, A H Tang⁹, Z Tang²⁷, L H Tarini⁴¹, T Tarnowsky⁵², J H Thomas³⁷, J Tian²⁴, A R Timmins¹², D Tlusty¹¹, M Tokarev³, S Trentalange⁴⁰, R E Tribble²⁶, P Tribedy⁵, B A Trzeciak⁴⁵, O D Tsai⁴⁰, J Turnau⁵⁴, T Ullrich⁹, D G Underwood⁴³, G Van Buren⁹, G van Nieuwenhuizen¹⁰, J A Vanfossen⁷, R Varma⁴⁹, G M S Vasconcelos³⁵, F Videbæk⁹, Y P Viyogi⁵, S Vokal³, S A Voloshin⁴¹, A Vossen³⁶, M Wada¹⁵, F Wang⁴², G Wang⁴⁰, H Wang⁹, J S Wang³⁹, Q Wang⁴², X L Wang²⁷, Y Wang²⁹, G Webb², J C Webb⁹, G D Westfall⁵², C Whitten⁴⁰, H Wieman³⁷, S W Wissink³⁶, R Witt⁵⁸, Y F Wu²⁸, Z Xiao²⁹, W Xie⁴², K Xin²³, H Xu³⁹, N Xu³⁷, Q H Xu³⁴, W Xu⁴⁰, Y Xu²⁷, Z Xu⁹, L Xue²⁴, Y Yang³⁹, Y Yang²⁸, P Yepes²³, L Yi⁴², K Yip⁹, I-K Yoo⁵³, M Zawisza⁴⁵, H Zbroszczyk⁴⁵, J B Zhang²⁸, S Zhang²⁴, X P Zhang²⁹, Y Zhang²⁷, Z P Zhang²⁷, F Zhao⁴⁰, J Zhao²⁴, C Zhong²⁴, X Zhu²⁹, Y H Zhu²⁴, Y Zoulkarneeva³, M Zyzak³⁷; STAR Collaboration

Affiliations

¹ AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland.
² University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA.
³ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141 980, Russia.
⁴ Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
⁵ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India.
⁶ Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia.
⁷ Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA.
⁸ The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
⁹ Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
¹⁰ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA.
¹¹ Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, 250 68 Řež/Prague, Czech Republic.
¹² University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
¹³ University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
¹⁴ University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India.
¹⁵ University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
¹⁶ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
¹⁷ Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague, 115 19, Czech Republic.
¹⁸ SUBATECH, Nantes, France.
¹⁹ Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia.
²⁰ University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
²¹ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
²² Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
²³ Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.
²⁴ Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai 201800, China.
²⁵ Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
²⁶ Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
²⁷ University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
²⁸ Central China Normal University (HZNU), Wuhan 430079, China.
²⁹ Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
³⁰ Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
³¹ Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland.
³² University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³³ Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar 751005, India.
³⁴ Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
³⁵ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³⁶ Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA.
³⁷ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³⁸ Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China.
⁴⁰ University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
⁴¹ Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
⁴² Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
⁴³ Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
⁴⁴ National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751005, India.
⁴⁵ Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁶ University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁴⁷ Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
⁴⁸ Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁴⁹ Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India.
⁵⁰ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
⁵¹ Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia.
⁵² Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
⁵³ Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁴ Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland.
⁵⁵ University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10002, Croatia.
⁵⁶ University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India.
⁵⁷ Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich, Germany.
⁵⁸ United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA.

PMID: 25166982
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.142301

Abstract

Elliptic flow (v(2)) values for identified particles at midrapidity in Au + Au collisions, measured by the STAR experiment in the beam energy scan at RHIC at sqrt[s(NN)] = 7.7-62.4 GeV, are presented. A beam-energy-dependent difference of the values of v(2) between particles and corresponding antiparticles was observed. The difference increases with decreasing beam energy and is larger for baryons compared to mesons. This implies that, at lower energies, particles and antiparticles are not consistent with the universal number-of-constituent-quark scaling of v(2) that was observed at sqrt[s(NN)] = 200 GeV.