The 1-year survival rates of around 70% that are now being achieved have resulted in the acceptance of liver transplantation as a treatment for end-stage liver disease. The number of patients undergoing transplantation is increasing rapidly and the indications are widening. More patients are being transplanted for acute liver failure following the recent encouraging reports of successful grafting in this condition. The proportion of patients transplanted for liver cancer is falling as it becomes apparent that 80% of patients will die from recurrent disease. The selection of candidates and timing of transplantation continue to pose difficult clinical problems. Although the surgical and anaesthetic aspects of liver transplantation have been greatly improved, the 30-day mortality remains high at around 30% and postoperative complications, especially infection and rejection, continue to be major problems. However, rehabilitation is excellent for most patients and liver transplantation should no longer be considered an experimental procedure.