Mood disorders in healthy elderly with obstructive sleep apnea: a gender effect

Abstract

Objective: Previous studies have suggested an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and anxiety and depression, but it remains unclear as to whether this is due to OSA or other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate this association in a large sample of healthy elderly with unrecognized OSA.

Methods: 825 healthy elderly (aged ≥65 years) undergoing clinical, respiratory home polygraphic study and completion of questionnaires related to depression, anxiety and sleepiness were examined. According to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the subjects were stratified into no-OSA, mild-moderate and severe OSA cases.

Results: Anxiety was present in 38% of the sample and depression in 8%. Anxiolytic treatment was reported by 9% of the population and antidepressant treatment in 5%. Women had high scores for anxiety and depression and they were more frequently taking anxiolytic and antidepressant medications. No differences were found for anxiety and depression scores and medication intake in the three groups of subjects stratified according to the AHI. Regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension (HT), AHI, and indices of hypoxemia revealed that females were 5.44 times more likely to have depression with a low contribution of the time with SaO2 < 90%.

Conclusions: In a large sample of healthy elderly with OSA, neither the existence nor the severity of the OSA was associated with anxiety and depression score, with women having higher anxiety and depression scores. This finding supports the hypothesis that depressive symptoms originate from factors other than measures of OSA severity.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00759304 NCT00766584.

Keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Elderly; Gender; Hypoxia; Obstructive sleep apnea.