Golgi-associated LC3 lipidation requires V-ATPase in noncanonical autophagy

Cell Death Dis. 2016 Aug 11;7(8):e2330. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.236.

Abstract

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process by which cells degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in the lysosomes. Canonical autophagy requires all autophagy proteins (ATGs), whereas noncanonical autophagy is activated by diverse agents in which some of the essential autophagy proteins are dispensable. How noncanonical autophagy is induced and/or inhibited is still largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that AMDE-1, a recently identified chemical that can induce canonical autophagy, was able to elicit noncanonical autophagy that is independent of the ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase 1) complex and the Beclin1 complex. AMDE-1-induced noncanonical autophagy could be specifically suppressed by various V-ATPase (vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase) inhibitors, but not by disturbance of the lysosome function or the intracellular ion redistribution. Similar findings were applicable to a diverse group of stimuli that can induce noncanonical autophagy in a FIP200-independent manner. AMDE-1-induced LC3 lipidation was colocalized with the Golgi complex, and was inhibited by the disturbance of Golgi complex. The integrity of the Golgi complex was also required for multiple other agents to stimulate noncanonical LC3 lipidation. These results suggest that the Golgi complex may serve as a membrane platform for noncanonical autophagy where V-ATPase is a key player. V-ATPase inhibitors could be useful tools for studying noncanonical autophagy.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Autophagy*
  • Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog / metabolism
  • Beclin-1 / metabolism
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • Fibroblasts / drug effects
  • Fibroblasts / metabolism
  • Golgi Apparatus / drug effects
  • Golgi Apparatus / metabolism*
  • Golgi Apparatus / ultrastructure
  • Ionophores / pharmacology
  • Lipids / chemistry*
  • Lysosomes / drug effects
  • Lysosomes / metabolism
  • Lysosomes / ultrastructure
  • Macrolides / pharmacology
  • Mice
  • Microtubule-Associated Proteins / metabolism*
  • Models, Biological
  • Ubiquitin / metabolism
  • Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases / metabolism*

Substances

  • Beclin-1
  • Becn1 protein, mouse
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Ionophores
  • Lipids
  • Macrolides
  • Map1lc3b protein, mouse
  • Microtubule-Associated Proteins
  • Ubiquitin
  • bafilomycin A1
  • Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog
  • Ulk1 protein, mouse
  • Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases