Nonlinear diffusion model for annealed proton-exchanged waveguides in zirconium-doped lithium niobate

Appl Opt. 2016 Aug 20;55(24):6559-63. doi: 10.1364/AO.55.006559.

Abstract

Photorefractive-damage- (PRD) resistant zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate is investigated as a substrate for the realization of annealed proton-exchanged (APE) waveguides. Its advantages are a favorable distribution coefficient, PRD resistance comparable to magnesium-oxide-doped lithium niobate, and a proton-diffusion behavior resembling congruent lithium niobate. A 1D model for APE waveguides was developed based on a previous model for congruently melting lithium niobate. Evidence for a nonlinear index dependence on concentration was found.