Social Inequalities and Depressive Symptoms in Adults: The Role of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status

PLoS One. 2017 Jan 20;12(1):e0169764. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169764. eCollection 2017.

Abstract

Background: There is substantial evidence that lower objective socioeconomic status (SES)-as measured by education, occupation, and income-is associated with a higher risk of depression. Less is known, however, about associations between perceptions of social status and the prevalence of depression. This study investigated associations of both objective SES and subjective social status (SSS) with depressive symptoms among adults in Germany.

Methods: Data were obtained from the 2013 special wave of the German Health Update study, a national health survey of the adult population in Germany. Objective SES was determined using a composite index based on education, occupation, and income. The three single dimensions of the index were also used individually. SSS was measured using the MacArthur Scale, which asks respondents to place themselves on a 10-rung 'social ladder'. Regression models were employed to examine associations of objective SES and SSS with current depressive symptoms, as assessed with the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8 sum score ≥10).

Results: After mutual adjustment, lower objective SES and lower SSS were independently associated with current depressive symptoms. The associations were found in both sexes and persisted after further adjustment for sociodemographic factors, long-term chronic conditions, and functional limitations. Mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect relationship between objective SES and depressive symptoms through SSS. When the three individual dimensions of objective SES were mutually adjusted, occupation and income were independently associated with depressive symptoms. After additional adjustment for SSS, these associations attenuated but remained significant.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that perceptions of low social status in adults may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression and play a mediating role in the relationship between objective SES and depressive symptoms. Prospective studies are needed to establish the direction of effects and to address questions of causality.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Depression / epidemiology
  • Depression / psychology*
  • Female
  • Germany / epidemiology
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Prevalence
  • Social Class*

Grants and funding

The German Health Update (GEDA) study is part of the Federal Health Monitoring System (FHMS) in Germany. The FHMS is administered by the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Health. The ministry finances the RKI and gives substantial funds for the FHMS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. JH, UEM, and TL are employees of the RKI. No one of the authors received specific funding for this work.