Background: In order to identify factors that stimulate arteriogenesis after ischemia, we followed gene expression profiles in two extreme models for collateral artery formation over 28 days after hindlimb ischemia, namely "good-responding" C57BL/6 mice and "poor-responding" BALB/c mice.
Methods and results: Although BALB/c mice show very poor blood flow recovery after ischemia, most known proarteriogenic genes were upregulated more excessively and for a longer period than in C57BL/6 mice. In clear contrast, chemokine genes Ccl19, Ccl21a, and Ccl21c and the chemokine receptor CCR7 were upregulated in C57BL/6 mice 1 day after hindlimb ischemia, but not in BALB/C mice. CCL19 and CCL21 regulate migration and homing of T lymphocytes via CCR7. When subjecting CCR7-/-/LDLR-/- mice to hindlimb ischemia, we observed a 20% reduction in blood flow recovery compared with that in LDLR-/- mice. Equal numbers of α-smooth muscle actin-positive collateral arteries were found in the adductor muscles of both mouse strains, but collateral diameters were smaller in the CCR7-/-/LDLR-/-. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses showed that numbers of CCR7+ T lymphocytes (both CD4+ and CD8+) were decreased in the spleen and increased in the blood at day 1 after hindlimb ischemia in LDLR-/- mice. At day 1 after hindlimb ischemia, however, numbers of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes were decreased in the draining lymph nodes of LDLR-/- mice compared with CCR7-/-/LDLR-/- mice.
Conclusions: These data show that CCR7-CCL19/CCL21 axis facilitates retention CD4+ T lymphocytes at the site of collateral artery remodeling, which is essential for effective arteriogenesis.
Keywords: CCL19; CCL21; CCR7; arteriogenesis; chemokine; chemoreceptor; hindlimb ischemia; peripheral artery disease.
© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.