Introduction: Inflammation and venous thrombosis enjoy a close Relationship. We present a patient who had multiple DVTs following the discontinuation of anti- TNF-α therapy.
Case: A 34 year old African American female with a history of multiple DVT's, miscarriages, and reported Crohn's disease presented with shortness of breath. In the Emergency Department, CTA showed bilateral pulmonary emboli. The patient had been off adalimumab for one year and reported abdominal pain with 6-7 non-bloody bowel movements daily. She had been prescribed lovenox for her unprovoked DVTs yet reported missing several doses prior to admission. Following admission, she developed severe abdominal pain prompting an emergent CT angiogram and she then developed a pulseless painful left lower extremity. CT revealed a partially occlusive thrombus in the infra-renal abdominal aorta, proximal left common iliac artery, and right renal artery with subsequent right renal infarction. Following emergent vascular surgery to restore blood flow to the left lower extremity, the patient received four days of plasma exchange and high dose steroids for potential catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Serology for APLA was negative. The patient was discharged with lifelong anticoagulation.
Discussion: The endothelial surface is a complex organ that works in concert with the surrounding environment. Inflammation and thrombus formation is closely associated. TNF-α can increase the expression of adhesion molecules, specifically, tissue factor, on the surface endothelial cells and promote thrombosis. Suppression of TNF-α expression by low molecular weight heparin has been shown to inhibit the inflammatory cascade and reduce thrombus formation in animal models. Clinical data is less clear. Interruption of TNF blockers has been shown to increase the risk of DVT in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing orthopedic surgery. For patients with Bechet's syndrome, anti-TNF agents appear help treat patients with pulmonary artery thrombosis. Further review of anti-TNF-α therapy in our general medicine patient population may disclose additional risks associated with discontinuation of these medications.