Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic degenerative disease of the central retina and a major cause of vision impairment and blindness with millions of people affected in the elderly population. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to understand disease pathology with the long-term goal of designing novel and effective treatment options for this devastating disease. Although striking advances in treating the neovascular stage of late AMD have occurred, no therapy is available for almost half of all AMD patients, specifically those who are affected by the atrophic form of the disease. This review highlights current knowledge on the genetic factors associated with early- and late-stage forms of the disease. It also summarizes the findings regarding the extent to which these factors may play a role in the transition from one disease stage to another, and it emphasizes the need to explore further the underlying mechanisms for both development and progression of this disease as a starting point for designing innovative therapies for it.
Keywords: AMD; complex disease; early AMD; genome-wide association study; geographic atrophy AMD; histology; neovascular AMD; treatment.