False-positive amphetamine results on several drug screening platforms due to mexiletine

Abstract

Objective: False-positive urine drug of abuse screening (UDS) results can have serious implications in clinical practice, particularly when confirmation assay results are not immediately available to providers making medical decisions. Often it is not possible to identify the specific medication or other interfering compound that is responsible for the false-positive UDS result. Even when a potential interference is reported in the literature or package insert for one assay, the applicability to other UDS platforms/assays is often unknown. Mexiletine has been suggested as a cause of false-positive amphetamine results, but never confirmed as the causative agent in previous reports. The goal of this study was to confirm this drug as a cross-reacting compound in amphetamine screening tests.

Methods: We evaluated several amphetamine screening assays: the Syva EMIT II Plus and the Roche KIMS automated immunoassays, along with the Noble Split-Specimen and Synchron QuikScreen point-of-care assays.

Results: Urine samples from two patients treated with mexiletine were positive on all amphetamine screens but confirmed negative by mass spectrometry. Drug-free urine spiked with mexiletine caused positive results on all assays, although the EMIT II Plus and KIMS assays cross-reacted at lower mexiletine concentrations than the point-of-care assays.

Conclusion: This report confirms that mexiletine can cross-react on several amphetamine screening assays. Assay manufacturers are encouraged to evaluate mexiletine cross-reactivity, and providers and laboratories should be aware of the potential for false-positive amphetamine screening results in patients taking mexiletine.

Keywords: Antiarrhythmic; Cross-reactivity; Drug of abuse screening.