BRAF fusions identified in melanomas have variable treatment responses and phenotypes

Oncogene. 2019 Feb;38(8):1296-1308. doi: 10.1038/s41388-018-0514-7. Epub 2018 Sep 25.

Abstract

Oncogenic BRAF fusions have emerged as an alternate mechanism for BRAF activation in melanomas and other cancers. A number of BRAF fusions with different 5' gene partners and BRAF exon breakpoints have been described, but the effects of different partners and breakpoints on cancer phenotypes and treatment responses has not been well characterized. Targeted RNA sequencing was used to screen 60 melanoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models for BRAF fusions. We identified three unique BRAF fusions, including a novel SEPT3-BRAF fusion, occurring in four tumors (4/60, 6.7%), all of which were "pan-negative" (lacking other common mutations) (4/18, 22.2%). The BRAF fusion PDX models showed variable growth rates and responses to MAPK inhibitors in vivo. Overexpression of BRAF fusions identified in our study, as well as other BRAF fusions previously identified in melanomas, resulted in a high degree of variability in 2D proliferation and 3D invasion between the different fusions. While exogenously expressed BRAF fusions all responded to MAPK inhibition in vitro, we observed potential differences in signaling and feedback mechanisms. In summary, BRAF fusions are actionable therapeutic targets, however there are significant differences in phenotypes, treatment responses, and signaling which may be clinically relevant.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Melanoma / drug therapy
  • Melanoma / genetics*
  • Melanoma / pathology
  • Mutation
  • Neoplasm Invasiveness / genetics
  • Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics*
  • Protein Kinase Inhibitors / administration & dosage
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / genetics*
  • Septins / genetics*
  • Sequence Analysis, RNA
  • Signal Transduction
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Substances

  • Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
  • Protein Kinase Inhibitors
  • BRAF protein, human
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf
  • Septins
  • septin 3