BACKGROUND Improved understanding of the impact of kidney transplantation on healthcare resource use/costs and loss of productivity could aid decision making about funding allocation and resources needed for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in stage 5. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective study utilizing data from Swedish national health registers of patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Primary outcomes were renal disease-related healthcare resource utilization and costs during the 5 years after transplantation. Secondary outcomes included total costs and loss of productivity. Regression analysis identified factors that influenced resource use, costs, and loss of productivity. RESULTS During the first year after transplantation, patients (N=3120) spent a mean of 25.7 days in hospital and made 21.6 outpatient visits; mean renal disease-related total cost was €66,014. During the next 4 years, resource use was approximately 70% (outpatient) to 80% (inpatient) lower, and costs were 75% lower. Before transplantation, 62.8% were on long-term sick leave, compared with 47.4% 2 years later. Higher resource use and costs were associated with age <10 years, female sex, graft from a deceased donor, prior hemodialysis, receipt of a previous transplant, and presence of comorbidities. Higher levels of sick leave were associated with female sex, history of hemodialysis, and type 1 diabetes. Overall 5-year graft survival was 86.7% (95% CI 85.3-88.2%). CONCLUSIONS After the first year following transplantation, resource use and related costs decreased, remaining stable for the next 4 years. Demographic and clinical factors, including age <10 years, female sex, and type 1 diabetes were associated with higher costs and resource use.