Preoperative beta blockade is associated with increased rates of 30-day major adverse cardiac events in critical limb ischemia patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization

Abstract

Objective: The association between beta blockers and cardiovascular or limb-related outcomes after revascularization for critical limb ischemia (CLI) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of preoperative beta blockade on 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and major adverse limb events (MALEs) in patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization for CLI. We hypothesized that rates of MALEs and MACEs will be higher in patients not receiving preoperative beta blockade.

Methods: The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program vascular targeted file for 2011 to 2014 identified patients receiving beta blockade and undergoing infrainguinal endovascular intervention and open bypass for CLI. Primary outcomes including 30-day MACE (stroke, myocardial infarction [MI], or death) and MALE (untreated loss of patency, reintervention, or amputation) were compared between patients taking and not taking preoperative beta blockers. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of MACEs and MALEs.

Results: A total of 11,785 revascularizations were performed for CLI during the study period (7408 bypasses vs 4377 endovascular interventions). Preoperative beta blockers were used by 7365 patients, including 4541 (61.7%) in the open bypass cohort and 2824 (64.5%) in the endovascular group (P < .01). MACEs and MI were significantly higher in patients with preoperative beta blockers (MACEs, 5.8% vs 3.4% [P < .0001]; MI, 3.1% vs 1.8% [P < .0001]). After controlling for cardiac risk factors, beta blockers independently predicted MACEs (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; P = .03) and MI (OR, 1.36; P = .03) but not stroke (OR, 1.17; P = .58) or 30-day mortality (OR, 1.22; P = .19). Beta-blocker use did not have an effect on MALEs (OR, 0.99; P = .88).

Conclusions: In patients with CLI, preoperative beta blockade was an independent predictor of 30-day MI and MACEs after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors. Beta blockers did not have an impact on short-term limb-related outcomes. The association between beta blockade and revascularization for CLI deserves further investigation.

Keywords: Beta-adrenergic antagonists; Endovascular procedures; Myocardial infarction; Peripheral vascular diseases; Vascular surgical procedures.