Climacteric Status at the Age of 46: Impact on Metabolic Outcomes in Population-Based Study

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jul 1;104(7):2701-2711. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-02025.

Abstract

Context: Menopausal transition is associated with increased cardiovascular risks. Available data on the effect of earlier climacterium on these risks are limited.

Objective: To compare cardiovascular risk-associated parameters at the ages of 14, 31, and 46 in relation to climacteric status at the age of 46.

Design, setting, and participants: A prospective cohort study including 2685 women from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.

Main outcome measures: Follicle-stimulating hormone, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP), body composition, cholesterol levels, testosterone (T) levels, free androgen index (FAI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and liver enzymes.

Results: Women who were climacteric at the age of 46 had lower BMIs (P = 0.029), T levels (P = 0.018), and FAIs (P = 0.009) at the age of 31. At the age of 46, they had less skeletal muscle (P < 0.001), a higher fat percentage (P = 0.016), higher cholesterol levels [total cholesterol (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; P = 0.022), and triglycerides (P = 0.008)], and higher alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.023) and γ-glutamyltransferase (P < 0.001) levels compared with preclimacteric women. Waist circumference, WHR, BP, and hs-CRP levels did not differ between the groups. Of the climacteric women, 111/381 were using hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). In subanalysis that excluded the HRT users, triglycerides, HDL-C, and body fat percentage did not differ among the groups.

Conclusions: Earlier climacterium is associated with mainly unfavorable metabolic changes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adipose Tissue
  • Alanine Transaminase / metabolism
  • Aspartate Aminotransferases / metabolism
  • Blood Pressure
  • Body Composition*
  • Body Mass Index
  • C-Reactive Protein / metabolism
  • Cholesterol / metabolism
  • Cholesterol, HDL / metabolism
  • Cholesterol, LDL / metabolism
  • Cohort Studies
  • Estrogen Replacement Therapy*
  • Female
  • Finland
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Menopause / metabolism
  • Middle Aged
  • Muscle, Skeletal
  • Perimenopause / metabolism*
  • Postmenopause / metabolism*
  • Premenopause / metabolism*
  • Prospective Studies
  • Testosterone / metabolism
  • Triglycerides / metabolism
  • Waist-Hip Ratio
  • gamma-Glutamyltransferase / metabolism

Substances

  • Cholesterol, HDL
  • Cholesterol, LDL
  • Triglycerides
  • Testosterone
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • C-Reactive Protein
  • Cholesterol
  • gamma-Glutamyltransferase
  • Aspartate Aminotransferases
  • Alanine Transaminase