Fish and marine fatty acids intakes, the FADS genotypes and long-term weight gain: a prospective cohort study

BMJ Open. 2019 Jul 31;9(7):e022877. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022877.

Abstract

Objective: We tested whether genetic variants near fatty acid desaturases gene (FADS) cluster, which were recently identified to be signatures of adaptation to fish-rich and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-rich diet, interacted with these dietary factors on change in body mass index (BMI).

Design: Three FADS variants were examined for gene-diet interactions on long-term (~10 years) changes in BMI and body weight in four prospective cohort studies.

Setting: Population based study.

Participants: 11 323 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), 6833 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and replicated in 6254 women from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and 5 264 Chinese from the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS).

Main outcomes: Long-term (~10 years) changes in BMI and body weight.

Results: In the NHS and HPFS cohorts, food-sourced n-3 PUFAs intake showed interactions with the FADS rs174570 on changes of BMI (P for interaction=0.02 in NHS, 0.05 in HPFS and 0.007 in combined). Such interactions were replicated in two independent cohorts WHI and SCHS (P for interaction=0.04 in WHI, 0.02 in SCHS and 0.001 in combined). The genetic associations of the FADS rs174570 with changes in BMI increased across the tertiles of n-3 PUFAs in all the cohorts. Fish intake also accentuated the genetic associations of the FADS rs174570 with long-term changes in BMI (pooled P for interaction=0.006). Viewed differently, long chain n-3 PUFAs intake showed stronger association with long-term changes in BMI among the rs174570 T carriers (beta=0.79 kg/m2 per g, p=3×10-5) than the rs174570 non-T carriers (beta=0.16 kg/m2 per g, p=0.08). Similar results were observed for fish intake.

Conclusions: Our hypothesis-driven analyses provide replicable evidence that long chain n-3 PUFAs and fish intakes may interact with the FADS variant on long-term weight gain. Further investigation is needed to confirm our findings in other cohorts.

Keywords: epidemiology; gene-diet interaction; genetics; obesity.

Publication types

  • Multicenter Study
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Alleles
  • Animals
  • Body Mass Index
  • Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase
  • Diet
  • Dietary Supplements / analysis
  • Fatty Acid Desaturases / genetics*
  • Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / administration & dosage*
  • Female
  • Fishes
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Genotype
  • Humans
  • Internationality
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Obesity / genetics*
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
  • Prospective Studies
  • Seafood
  • Weight Gain*

Substances

  • Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase
  • Fatty Acids, Omega-3
  • Fatty Acid Desaturases