Managing siloxanes in biogas-to-energy facilities: Economic comparison of pre- vs post-combustion practices

Abstract

Siloxanes present in small concentrations in biogas interfere with the operation of biogas-to-energy facilities. During biogas combustion, siloxanes form white deposits on engine components (engine heads, spark plugs, valves) in crystals or amorphous forms depending on the temperature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of biogas-to-energy systems for managing the operational challenges due to siloxanes in biogas. The facility maintenance cost data were compiled by a survey of biogas-to-energy facilities in the United States. Economic analyses were performed to compare the operational costs due to increased maintenance for removing the white deposits forming on the engine components and the installation of a pretreatment system (carbon adsorption) to remove siloxanes prior to combustion. Numerical analyses showed that for the facilities with operating capacities less than 1300 m³/h (750 scfm), the costs for installation and operation of the carbon adsorption system exceeded the maintenance costs for removal of deposits from the engine components. The maintenance costs correlated well with the reported maintenance needs which were between 120 and 800 man hours per year. On the basis of siloxane removal costs alone, it is not economically feasible to install a carbon adsorption system for siloxane removal prior to combustion for small facilities processing less than 1300 m³/h (750 scfm) of biogas. However, using a process for siloxane removal prior to gas engines (e.g., carbon adsorption) would be improve the overall performance of the gas engines and reduce maintenance need at all facilities.

Keywords: Biogas; Biogas-to-energy; Carbon adsorption; Gas purification; Siloxane removal; Siloxanes.