To characterize the clinical phenotype of Sunflower syndrome. Sunflower syndrome is a rare photosensitive epilepsy syndrome characterized by highly stereotyped seizures, photosensitivity, and heliotropism. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients seen in the Massachusetts General Hospital for Children (MGHfC) pediatric epilepsy program with a history of Sunflower syndrome. Twenty-four patients were identified; 18 were female. At the time of initial MGHfC evaluation, patients' ages ranged from 6.4 to 25 years, with a median age of 11.5 years. All patients presented with hand-waving episodes (HWEs), although one patient no longer demonstrates this, but now has eye blinking episodes on exposure to light. Four have associated eye fluttering as a component of their most prevalent light-induced seizures. The average age at onset of HWEs was six years. Seventeen developed other symptoms prior to the onset of HWEs. The most prevalent symptom was an attraction to light and possible absence seizures. Light-induced seizures were generally refractory to broad-spectrum antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Only three patients had a reduction of HWEs with the use of AEDs. Several non-pharmacological strategies reduced seizure frequency, however, efficacy varied. These non-pharmacological strategies included avoiding stimulus, focusing on other tasks, and occupying or restraining the hand that was involved in hand-waving. The use of tinted glasses reduced seizure frequency in 17 patients, however, no patient achieved seizure freedom. Twenty-two patients had available EEGs, 20 of which showed interictal epileptiform discharges. Additionally, many of the patients experienced a negative impact on their self-concept due to anxiety, depression, or negative interactions with peers. Sunflower syndrome is a generalized, pharmacoresistant epilepsy with childhood onset and remains poorly understood. To improve clinical care and scientific understanding, long-term prospective research exploring the natural history, etiology, and effective treatments for Sunflower syndrome should be conducted. [Published with video sequence].
Keywords: clinical series; photosensitive; refractory seizures; self-induced; sunflower syndrome.