Metabolomic basis for response to high dose vitamin D in critical illness

Abstract

Background & aims: It is unclear if intervention can mitigate the dramatic alterations of metabolic homeostasis present in critical illness. Our objective was to determine the associations between increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels following high dose vitamin D₃ and more favorable metabolomic profiles in critical illness.

Methods: We performed a post-hoc metabolomics study of the VITdAL-ICU randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trial patients from Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Units at a tertiary university hospital with 25-hydroxyvitamin D level ≤20 ng/mL received either high dose oral vitamin D₃ (540,000 IU) or placebo. We performed an analysis of 578 metabolites from 1215 plasma samples from 428 subjects at randomization (day 0), day 3 and 7. Using mixed-effects modeling, we studied changes in metabolite profiles in subjects receiving intervention or placebo relative to absolute increases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from day 0 to day 3.

Results: 55.2% of subjects randomized to high dose vitamin D₃ demonstrated an absolute increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 15 ng/ml from day 0 to day 3. With an absolute increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 15 ng/ml, multiple members of the sphingomyelin, plasmalogen, lysoplasmalogen and lysophospholipid metabolite classes had significantly positive Bonferroni corrected associations over time. Further, multiple representatives of the acylcarnitine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolite classes had significantly negative Bonferroni corrected associations over time with an absolute increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 15 ng/ml. Changes in these highlighted metabolite classes were associated with decreased 28-day mortality.

Conclusions: Increases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D following vitamin D₃ intervention are associated with favorable changes in metabolites involved in endothelial protection, enhanced innate immunity and improved mitochondrial function.

Keywords: Acylcarnitine; Critical illness; Metabolomics; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Plasmalogen; Vitamin D.