Background: Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has shown promising utility as a prognostic biomarker in endometrial cancer. Increased serum HE4 levels may be associated with deeper myometrial invasion, extrauterine disease and poorer prognosis.
Aim: To evaluate the use of serum HE4 level, compared to and alongside other investigations, to accurately guide management in apparent early-stage endometrial cancer.
Materials and methods: This is a single-site prospective study of 100 patients with histologically confirmed endometrial cancer. All patients underwent preoperative measurements of HE4 and CA125 levels and a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the depth of invasion, nodal status and tumour size. Correlation was sought between serum HE4 level, CA125 level, MRI findings and intra-operative frozen section with tumour type, grade and stage.
Results: While both median HE4 and CA125 levels were higher with worsening clinicopathological features, serum HE4 level showed a more consistent association with high-risk features. Patients with a low-grade biopsy preoperatively and a low HE4 level (<70 pmol/L) demonstrated an 86.8% likelihood of having low-risk disease on final histopathology. In comparison, preoperative MRI or intraoperative frozen section alongside a low-grade biopsy demonstrated a similar likelihood of 86.2 and 87.7%, respectively.
Conclusions: When used in conjunction with an initial low-grade endometrial biopsy, serum HE4 level demonstrated a similar likelihood to both preoperative MRI and intraoperative frozen section in identifying low-risk disease on final histopathology. As a triaging tool this may be significant given that a preoperative, serum-based assay would likely be the least invasive, least resource-intensive and most cost-effective approach.
Keywords: HE4; biomarker; endometrial cancer; prognostic marker; treatment.
© 2021 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.