The longitudinal associations between bone mineral density and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Chinese community-dwelling middle aged and elderly men

Xuejuan Xu; Nuo Xu; Ying Wang; Jinsong Chen; Lushi Chen; Shengjian Zhang; Jingxian Chen; Hongwen Deng; Xiaojun Luan; Jie Shen

doi:10.7717/peerj.10753

The longitudinal associations between bone mineral density and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Chinese community-dwelling middle aged and elderly men

PeerJ. 2021 Jan 19:9:e10753. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10753. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Xuejuan Xu^{1

2

3}, Nuo Xu⁴, Ying Wang⁵, Jinsong Chen³, Lushi Chen⁶, Shengjian Zhang⁶, Jingxian Chen⁷, Hongwen Deng^{8

9}, Xiaojun Luan³, Jie Shen^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Endocrinology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
² Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
³ Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
⁴ Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
⁵ Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
⁶ Department of Health Care, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
⁷ Department of Hematology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
⁸ Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America.
⁹ Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America.

Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to investigate longitudinal associations between bone mineral densities (BMDs) and appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) mass in different regions of the body using three different indicators, in Chinese community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly men.

Methods: A total of 1,343 men aged ≥ 40 years from a Chinese community were assessed at baseline (2014-2016), one-year follow-up (2016-2017; n = 648), two-year follow-up (2017-2018; n = 407), and three-year follow up (2018-2019; n = 208). At all the four time-points, measurements included ASM mass and BMDs for all regions of the body using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A questionnaire was completed by patients and biochemical markers were assessed. We applied three different indicators to define ASM mass or lean mass respectively, including the appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASM adjusted by height, ASMI, according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia), skeletal muscle index (ASM adjusted by weight, SMI, according to the International Working Group on Sarcopenia), and the appendicular skeletal muscle/body mass index (ratio of ASM and Body mass index (BMI), ASM/BMI, according to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health). After adjusting for potential confounders, the generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) was used to analyze the trend in ASM mass over time, and to test the association between ASM mass and regional and whole-body BMDs.

Results: The incidence of low lean mass was 8.2% defined by ASMI, 16.3% defined by SMI, and 8.3% defined by ASM/BMI. There was a linear relationship between BMDs and ASM mass, and ASMI, ASM/BMI, and SMI gradually decreased with time. After adjusting for covariances, GAMM analysis determined longitudinal associations between BMDs and ASM mass by three indicators respectively: the skull BMD was negatively associated with ASM mass. For each unit increase in skull BMD, ASMI decreased by 0.28 kg/m² (95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.39 to -0.16]), ASM/BMI decreased by 0.02 m² (95% CI [-0.03 to -0.00]), and SMI decreased by 0.01% (95% CI[-0.01 to -0.00]). The remaining parameters (including whole-body mean BMD, thoracic spinal BMD, lumbar spinal BMD, hip BMD, femoral neck BMD, pelvic BMD, left arm BMD, right arm BMD, left leg BMD, right leg BMD) were positively correlated with ASM mass. The ASMI increased by 3.07 kg/m²for each unit increase in the femoral neck BMD (95% CI [2.31-3.84]). The ASM/BMI increased by 0.22 m²for each unit increase in the left arm BMD (95% CI [0.12-0.33]), and the SMI increased by 0.05% per unit increase in the left arm BMD (95% CI [0.02-0.08]).

Conclusions: Compared to ASMI and ASM/BMI, SMI was more sensitive to screen for the low lean mass. Skull BMD was negatively associated with ASM mass, while BMDs throughout the rest of the body were positively correlated with ASM mass among the middle-aged and elderly Chinese men.

Keywords: Body composition; Bone density; Longitudinal studies; Osteoporosis; Sarcopenia; Skeletal muscle.

Abstract

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