Introduction: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome characterized by accelerated adenoma development due to inherited (or de novo) mutations in the APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway (APC) gene. The mechanism underlying this accelerated polyp development in subjects with FAP has not been defined. Given that LGR5+ stem cells drive crypt cell proliferation, we hypothesized that FAP crypts would demonstrate aberrant leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) staining patterns.
Methods: Biopsies were taken from 11 healthy subjects, 7 subjects with Lynch syndrome, 4 subjects with FAP, and 1 subject with MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome during routine screening or surveillance colonoscopy. Crypt staining was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Stem cell numbers were estimated by immunofluorescence staining of isolated crypts using antibodies against LGR5 and other proteins.
Results: Subjects with FAP exhibited a greater number of LGR5+ stem cells in their crypts than healthy subjects and subjects with Lynch syndrome and MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome. Most crypts of subjects with FAP harbored LGR5+ cells located above the lower third of the crypts.
Discussion: These findings support a model in which inactivation of one copy of APC leads to increased numbers of LGR5+ stem cells, many of which are ectopic, in colon crypts of subjects with FAP. Overabundant and ectopic LGR5+ stem cells could lead to an expanded proliferative zone of dividing cells more likely to develop mutations that would contribute to the accelerated adenoma development observed in FAP.
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American College of Gastroenterology.