Abstract
Patients who have mutations of the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at an increased risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1/2 function as tumor suppressor genes, responsible for regulating DNA repair, and play an essential role in homologous recombination. Mutation of BRCA1/2 results in homologous recombination deficiency and genomic instability which drives oncogenesis and cancer proliferation. Recently, BRCA1/2 gene expression has been implicated in regulating immune response. Here we discuss the signaling pathway of BRCA1/2 in relation to breast and ovarian cancer, with emphasis on how dysregulation facilitates the path to malignancy and current treatment options.
Keywords:
HRD; HRP; PARP; PARP inhibitor; homologous recombination; homologous recombination deficient; homologous recombination proficient; immunotherapy.
MeSH terms
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Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / pharmacology
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Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use*
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BRCA1 Protein / genetics
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BRCA1 Protein / metabolism*
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BRCA2 Protein / genetics
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BRCA2 Protein / metabolism*
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Breast Neoplasms / drug therapy
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Breast Neoplasms / genetics*
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Breast Neoplasms / mortality
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Breast Neoplasms / pathology
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Carcinogenesis / genetics
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Cell Proliferation / drug effects
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Cell Proliferation / genetics
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Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / drug effects
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Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / genetics
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Female
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Genomic Instability
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Humans
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors / pharmacology
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Mutation
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Ovarian Neoplasms / drug therapy
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Ovarian Neoplasms / genetics*
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Ovarian Neoplasms / mortality
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Ovarian Neoplasms / pathology
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Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors / pharmacology
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Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Prognosis
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Progression-Free Survival
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Recombinational DNA Repair / drug effects
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Signal Transduction / drug effects
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Signal Transduction / genetics
Substances
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BRCA1 Protein
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BRCA1 protein, human
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BRCA2 Protein
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BRCA2 protein, human
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
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Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors