Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> In recent years, respiratory tract viral infections have caused many pandemics that impact the whole world. To investigate the seropositivity of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, rubella, CMV, HSV-1 and group A <i>Streptococcus</i> in recovered COVID-19 patients and correlate these findings with vitamin D levels. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 417 COVID-19 patients with diarrhoea were enrolled in this study. Vitamin D and seroprevalence for <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, rubella, CMV, HSV-1 and group A <i>Streptococcus</i> were evaluated and correlated. <b>Results:</b> It was found that recent infection in COVID-19 patients with HSV-1, rubella, <i>Toxoplasma</i> and CMV, respectively. IgG was detected indicating the development of adaptive immunity with all microbes. <b>Conclusion:</b> Current study detected a correlation between vitamin D levels and HSV-1 and no correlation between this infection and vitamin D deficiency with the other microbes.
Keywords:
COVID-19 patients; Co-infection; HSV-1; diarrhoea; vitamin D deficiency.
MeSH terms
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Adaptive Immunity
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Adult
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Biomarkers / blood
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COVID-19 / blood
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COVID-19 / diagnosis*
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COVID-19 / epidemiology
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COVID-19 / immunology
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COVID-19 Serological Testing*
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Calcifediol / blood*
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Cytomegalovirus / immunology
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Cytomegalovirus Infections / blood
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Cytomegalovirus Infections / diagnosis
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Cytomegalovirus Infections / epidemiology
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Cytomegalovirus Infections / immunology
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Female
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Herpes Simplex / blood
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Herpes Simplex / diagnosis*
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Herpes Simplex / epidemiology
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Herpes Simplex / immunology
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Herpesvirus 1, Human / immunology*
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Humans
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Immunoglobulin G / blood*
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Male
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Middle Aged
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Predictive Value of Tests
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Prevalence
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Rubella / blood
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Rubella / diagnosis
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Rubella / epidemiology
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Rubella / immunology
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Rubella virus / immunology
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Saudi Arabia / epidemiology
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Seroepidemiologic Studies
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Streptococcal Infections / blood
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Streptococcal Infections / diagnosis
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Streptococcal Infections / epidemiology
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Streptococcal Infections / immunology
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Streptococcus / immunology
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Toxoplasma / immunology
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Toxoplasmosis / blood
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Toxoplasmosis / diagnosis
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Toxoplasmosis / epidemiology
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Toxoplasmosis / immunology
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Vitamin D Deficiency / blood
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Vitamin D Deficiency / diagnosis*
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Vitamin D Deficiency / epidemiology
Substances
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Biomarkers
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Immunoglobulin G
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Calcifediol