Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and compare the differences in efficacy of different disease-modifying drugs. Methods: An ambispective cohort study was conducted in 42 children diagnosed with MOGAD at Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital from January 2012 to March 2021 and conducted long-term follow-up to analyze clinical phenotypes and compare the efficacy of different disease-modifying drugs such as rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the annual relapse rate of disease-modifying drugs at different times, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score at the last follow-up, and Wilcoxon rank test was used to compare the annual relapse rate before and after modified disease therapy. The Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) survival curve was used to compare the relapse rate of different disease-modifying drugs. Results: Of the 42 cases, 22 were male and 20 were female, with the age at disease onset of 5.96 (2.33-12.90) years. The disease duration was 4.46 (1.25-13.00) years at the last follow-up with 161 clinical acute attacks. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was the most common phenotype of first attack and all attacks during disease course ((60% (25/42) for first attack, 38% (61/161) for all attacks). The most common clinical syndrome was neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) (50%, 21/42). Of the 42 children, 5 (12%) showed encephalitis and 6 (14%) combined with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody overlap syndrome. The most commonly involved areas of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were subcortical white matter (71%, 88/124), cortex (26%, 32/124) and periventricular white matter (25%, 32/124). Spinal cord MRI was most frequently involved in cervical (70%, 16/23) and thoracic (61%, 14/23) medulla, and 43% (10/23) longitudinally extensive transeverse myelitis. Disease-modifying drugs were used in 34 patients. The annual relapse rate after treatment with rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine decreased (all P<0.05) and there was no statistically significant difference in the annual relapse proportion among the groups (P=0.307). Conclusions: The most common clinical attack of first and all of MOGAD in children is ADEM, and the most common clinical syndrome is NMOSD. Rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine can reduce the annual relapse rate, but it is not clear effect of which treatment is better.
目的： 总结髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关疾病（MOGAD）临床特点，比较不同疾病修正治疗药物的疗效差异。 方法： 采用双向队列研究，收集2012年1月至2021年3月在北京大学第一医院儿科诊断为MOGAD的42例患儿，进行长期随访，分析其临床表型，并比较利妥昔单抗、吗替麦考酚酯及硫唑嘌呤等不同疾病修正治疗药物的疗效。采用Kruskal-Wall H检验比较不同时机启动疾病修正治疗的年复发率、末次随访时扩展残疾状态量表（EDSS）评分，Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较加用疾病修正治疗前后年复发率差异，Log-rank（Mantel-Cox）生存曲线比较不同治疗方案治疗后复发比例。 结果： 42例患儿中男22例、女20例，起病年龄为5.96（2.33~12.90）岁，起病至末次随访为4.46（1.25~13.00）年，共161次临床急性发作。急性播散性脑脊髓炎为首次发作和病程中所有发作的最常见表型［60%（25/42）和38%（61/161）］，整体病程的临床综合征归类最常见为视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病（50%，21/42）。42例患儿中5例（12%）表现为脑炎，6例（14%）合并抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体抗体重叠综合征。头颅磁共振成像（MRI）常受累部位为皮质下白质（71%，88/124）、皮质（26%，32/124）和脑室旁白质（26%，32/124）。脊髓MRI常受累为颈髓（70%，16/23）和胸髓（61%，14/23），43%（10/23）为长节段。34例患儿应用了疾病修正治疗药物，利妥昔单抗、吗替麦考酚酯、硫唑嘌呤治疗后年复发率均较治疗前下降（均P<0.05），各组间治疗后年复发比例差异无统计学意义（P=0.307）。 结论： 儿童MOGAD首次发作及所有急性发作最常见临床表型为急性播散性脑脊髓炎，最常见临床综合征为视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病。利妥昔单抗、吗替麦考酚酯及硫唑嘌呤可降低年复发率，但何种治疗效果更佳尚不明确。.