The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines

Affiliations

• ¹ Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
• ² Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
• ³ Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
• ⁴ Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, ISIR, 75005 Paris, France.
• ⁵ Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, and Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
• ⁶ Centre for Language Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.