APOE-ε4 Is Associated With Reduced Verbal Memory Performance and Higher Emotional, Cognitive, and Everyday Executive Function Symptoms Two Months After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Torgeir Hellstrøm; Nada Andelic; Øyvor Øistensen Holthe; Eirik Helseth; Andres Server; Kristin Eiklid; Solrun Sigurdardottir

doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.735206

APOE-ε4 Is Associated With Reduced Verbal Memory Performance and Higher Emotional, Cognitive, and Everyday Executive Function Symptoms Two Months After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Front Neurol. 2022 Feb 16:13:735206. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.735206. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Torgeir Hellstrøm¹, Nada Andelic^{1

2}, Øyvor Øistensen Holthe¹, Eirik Helseth^{3

4}, Andres Server⁵, Kristin Eiklid⁶, Solrun Sigurdardottir⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
² Research Center for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services (CHARM), Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
³ Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁵ Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁶ Department of Medical Genetic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁷ Centre for Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Abstract

Background: Substantial variance exists in outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), and these differences are not fully explained by injury characteristics or severity. Genetic factors are likely to play a role in this variance.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine associations between the apolipoprotein (APOE)-ε4 allele and memory measures at two months post-MTBI and to evaluate whether subjective cognitive and affective symptoms were associated with APOE-ε4 status. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that APOE-ε4 carriers would show poorer verbal memory performance compared to APOE-ε4 non-carriers.

Methods: Neuropsychological data at two months post-injury and blood samples that could be used to assess APOE genotype were available for 134 patients with MTBI (mean age 39.2 years, 62% males, 37% APOE-ε4 carriers). All patients underwent computed tomography at hospital admission and magnetic resonance imaging four weeks post-injury.

Results: The APOE-ε4 + status was associated with decreased immediate memory recall (p = 0.036; β = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, -0.01]). Emotional, cognitive, and everyday executive function symptoms at two months post-injury were significantly higher in APOE-ε4 carriers compared to non-carriers.

Conclusion: The APOE-ε4+ allele has a negative effect on verbal memory and symptom burden two months after MTBI.

Keywords: APOE; affective symptoms; learning; memory; mild traumatic brain injury.