Background: In monochorionic twin pregnancies, the fetuses share a single placenta. When this placenta is unequally shared, a discordant antenatal growth pattern ensues resulting in high rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Understanding placental pathophysiology is paramount in devising feasible antenatal management strategies. Unequal placental sharing is not the sole determinant of birthweight discordance as there is no one-to-one relationship with placental share discordance. Placental angioarchitecture, especially the presence of large bidirectional anastomoses, is thought to affect this relationship by allowing for a compensatory intertwin blood flow.
Objective: This study aimed to assess whether placental angioarchitecture can affect birthweight discordance in live-born monochorionic twins, the aim of our study was 2-fold: (1) to assess the relationship between birthweight discordance and placental share discordance and (2) to examine to what extent large bidirectional anastomoses can compensate for the effect of unequal placental sharing on birthweight discordance, with a subgroup analysis for umbilical artery Doppler flow patterns in cases with a birthweight discordance of ≥20%.
Study design: This was a retrospective cohort study that included monochorionic twin pregnancies observed in our center between March 2002 and June 2021, in which twins with a birthweight discordance of ≥20% were classified according to umbilical artery Doppler flow patterns of the smaller twin. We excluded cases with twin-twin transfusion syndrome and twin anemia polycythemia sequence. Monochorionic placentas of live-born twins were injected with dye, and images were saved for computer measurements of placental sharing and the diameter of anastomoses. Univariate linear regressions of the relationship between placental share discordance and birthweight discordance (both calculated as larger weight or share-smaller weight or share/larger weight or share×100%) and the relationship between arterioarterial and venovenous diameters and birthweight ratio/placental territory ratio were performed.
Results: A total of 449 placentas were included in the analysis. Placental share discordance was positively correlated with birthweight discordance (β coefficient, 0.325; 95% confidence interval, 0.254-0.397; P<.0001). The arterioarterial diameter was negatively correlated with birthweight ratio/placental territory ratio (β coefficient, -0.041; 95% confidence interval, -0.059 to -0.023; P<.0001), meaning that an increase in arterioarterial diameter leads to less birthweight discordance than expected for the amount of placental share discordance. There was no relationship between venovenous diameter and birthweight ratio/placental territory ratio (β coefficient, -0.007; 95% confidence interval, -0.027 to 0.012; P=.473).
Conclusion: Birthweight discordance in monochorionic twins was strongly associated with placental share discordance. Large arterioarterial anastomoses can mitigate the effect of unequal placental sharing.
Keywords: anastomoses; birthweight discordance; monochorionic twins; placental characteristics; selective fetal growth restriction.
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