Short symmetric and highly selective asymmetric first and second order gradient modulated offset independent adiabaticity (GOIA) pulses for applications in clinical MRS and MRSI

Abstract

Gradient modulated RF pulses, especially gradient offset independent adiabaticity (GOIA) pulses, are increasingly gaining attention for high field clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging (MRS/MRSI) due to the lower peak B₁ amplitude and associated power demands achievable relative to its non-modulated adiabatic full passage counterparts. In this work we describe the development of two GOIA RF pulses: 1) A power efficient, 3.0 ms wideband uniform rate with smooth truncation (WURST) modulated RF pulse with 15 kHz bandwidth compatible with a clinically feasible peak B₁ amplitude of 0.87 kHz (or 20 µT), and 2) A highly selective asymmetric 6.66 ms RF pulse with 20 kHz bandwidth designed to achieve a single-sided, fractional transition width of only 1.7%. Effects of potential asynchrony between RF and gradient-modulated (GM) waveforms for 3 ms GOIA-WURST RF pulses was evaluated by simulation and experimentally. Results demonstrate that a 20+ µs asynchrony between RF and GM functions substantially degrades inversion performance when using large RF offsets to achieve translation. A projection-based method is presented that allows a quick calibration of RF and GM asynchrony on pre-clinical/clinical MR systems. The asymmetric GOIA pulse was implemented within a multi-pulse OVS sequence to achieve power efficient, highly-selective, and B₁ and T₁-independent signal suppression for extracranial lipid suppression. The developed GOIA pulses were utilized with linear gradient modulation (X, Y, Z gradient fields), and with second-order-field modulations (Z2, X2Y2 gradient fields) to provide elliptically-shaped regions-of-interest for MRS and MRSI acquisitions. Both described GOIA-RF pulses have substantial clinical value; specifically, the 3.0 ms GOIA-WURST pulse is beneficial to realize short TE sLASER localized proton MRS/MRSI sequences, and the asymmetric GOIA RF pulse has applications in highly selective outer volume signal suppression to allow interrogation of tissue proximal to extracranial lipids with full-intensity.

Keywords: Asymmetric GOIA; ECLIPSE; Human brain; Lipid suppression; MRSI; Proton MRSI.